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Earthlings may be treated to a
dazzling celestial display this fall as Comet ISON makes a suicidal plunge
toward the sun. But spacecraft exploring Mars is poised to get close-up views
of the icy wanderer first.
"Comet ISON is paying a visit to the Red
Planet," astronomer Carey Lisse of the Johns Hopkins University Applied
Physics Lab, said in a statement. "On Oct 1st, the comet will pass within
0.07 AU from Mars, about six times closer than it will ever come to Earth."
One AU, or astronomical unit, is the
distance between the Earth and sun, about 93 million miles (150 million
kilometers). Comet ISON's Mars flyby, at 0.07 AU, will be
about 6.5 million miles (10.4 million km).
Comet ISON may brighten enough for
NASA's Mars rover Curiosity to see it from the surface of the Red Planet.
However, Lisse said the best chance for a Martian sighting lies with the space
agency's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. [Photos of Comet
ISON: A Potentially Great Comet]
The MRO satellite is equipped with a
powerful telescope named HiRISE that is intended to take pictures the Red
Planet's surface. But researchers think the instrument will be capable of
turning its gaze into space to detect the comet's atmosphere and tail.
"The camera is designed for
rapid imaging of Mars," the HiRISE's telescope's principal investigator,
Alfred McEwen of the University of Arizona, said in a statement. "Our
maximum exposure time is limited compared to detectors on other space
telescopes. This is a major limitation for imaging comets. Nevertheless, I
think we will detect Comet ISON."
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The satellite is set to take
observations of the comet on Sept. 29 and Oct. 1 and 2. The observations
could help researchers prepare for a comet that is set to fly even closer to
Mars in October 2014.
"The science value of observing
Comet ISON is hard to predict. We've never tried such a thing before,"
McEwen said. "However, this is good practice for Comet Siding Spring,
which will pass much closer to Mars in 2014."
A total of 16 NASA spacecraft and
even more telescopes on Earth will be observing Comet ISON as
it approaches.
"Our goal is to have every
telescope on Earth pointed at the comet when it emerges from the sun,"
says Lisse. "The Mars flyby will give us a sneak preview, providing
data we need to predict what we might see."
On Nov. 28 — Thanksgiving Day in the
United States — ISON will make its closest approach to the sun, or perihelion,
skimming just 730,000 miles (1.2 million km) or so above the surface.
If the icy dust ball doesn't get
ripped apart by extreme solar forces, some astronomers have said it could be
the "comet of the century," possibly shining
brightly enough to be seen during the daytime.
"If ISON's nucleus is much
bigger than 0.5 km, it will probably survive its Thanksgiving Day brush with
the sun," Lisse said. "It could turn into one of the most
spectacular comets in many years."
